14. Participles
14.1. Formation
14.2. Use
14.2.1. As epithet adjectif
14.2.1.1. Anteposed to the determined noun
14.2.1.2. Postposed to the determined noun
14.2.2. As predicative adjective (postposed to the noun)
14.2.3. As adverb
14.2.3.1. Alone
14.2.3.2. Reduplicated
14.3. Participles with privative{u-}
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14.1. Formation
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Formation = {preverb or ø-} + stem (*) + {-er(i)}
(*) The stem of participle is mostly identical to that of potential, impersonal and experiential moods. A small number of regional exceptions are observed in the participles of some verbs having polymorphic stem.
●●● All that ends by {-eri} is not participle. For examle, çkineri (erudite) (Centre, East) is a noun having common stem with the stative verb uçkin (he knows). Ğomaneri (of yesterday) is an adjective derived from the adverb ğoma ~ ğoman (yesterday).
● Laz participles are bi-aspectual : perfective (or resultative = expressing the result of an accomplished action) in adjectival use ; imperfective (or durative) in adverbial use.
● Laz participles are « ambi-transitive » : they can be « transitive » or « intransitive » according to the context. One and the same participle exresses « sitting someone down », « sitting oneself down » and « being seated ». There is no morphological difference between « laying someone down », « laying oneself down » and « being laid down ».
●●● Laz participles are often translated into English by the passive voice. We recall
you that there is no « active or passive » voices in Laz.
■ Participles are always accented on the penultimate. Those beginnig by a preverb have a secondary accent on the last syllable of the preverb.
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14.1.1. Participles of verbs having monomorphic stem
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representative form participle
t’axums he breaks t’axeri breaking ; broken
ovalams he shakes, he waves valeri shaking, waving ; being shaked
içilen (a man) gets married çileri married (man)
oçilams he marries (a man) çileri marrying (a man)
elaxedun he sits down (himself) to one side
elaxuneri sitting down to one side
elaxunams he sits someone down to one side
elaxuneri sitting someone to one side
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14.1.2. Participles of verbs having polymorphic stem
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representative form participle
ibgars he weeps, he cries (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)(FN) (ÇX) bgareri/ bgarineri
imgars (HP) mgareri/ mgarineri
iğams he carries away (PZ) ğmaleri, (ÇM) ğmaleri/ oğmaleri,
(AŞ) ğaperi, (FN) ğaperi/ ğeri
imers (AH)(HP) omaleri,
imars (ÇX) maleri
ikums he does (PZ) xinaperi, (ÇM) xeneri, (AŞ) xenaperi,
ikoms (FN)(AH) xenaperi/ xeneri
ikips (HP)(ÇX) xveneri/ xvenaperi
imxors he eats (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ) şk’omeri
imxors /impxors (FN) ç’k’omeri
ipxors (AH) ç’k’omeri
imxors (HP) ç’k’omeri
ç’k’omups (ÇX) ç’k’omeri
it’urs he says (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ) zit’eri
zop’ons (FN)(AH) tkvineri, (AH-south-west) t’k’vineri
tkumers/ tkumars (HP)(ÇX) tkvineri
no3’ers he looks at (PZ-Noxlamsu) 3’elimeri, (PZ-Apso) 3’olimeri
no3’en (ÇM)(AŞ) 3’omileri
o3’ken/ o3’k’ers (FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) 3’k’omileri
ulun he goes (PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ) ø
(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) xtimeri
mulun he comes (PZ) molveri, (ÇM) ø, (AŞ) molveri/ moxt’ineri
(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) moxtimeri
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14.2. Use
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14.2.1. As epithet adjectif (anteposed to the determined noun)
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Jur k’oçişi oç’k’omale miğurt’ez. Mşkorineri xut k’oçi keyemabğez. (FN-Sumla)
« We had food for two persons. Five more hungry persons dropped in on us unexpectedly. »
P’ut’uji ğureri montinape gamaxuy. (ÇM-Ğvant)
« Honey-bees throw their dead grubs down. »
Kyupişen ncumoreri kapça eşiğams. (FN-Sumla)
« He takes salted anchovies out of a earthenware jar. »
● Two participles may form a adjective phrase.
Henterez meşağeri moşağeri dulyape uğunan. (FN)
« They have ill-managed affairs. »
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14.2.1.2. Postposed to the determined noun
● In locutions and compound words, participle-adjective is postposed to the determined noun.
Lu zeri opşk’omit. (PZ) « We ate mashed cabbage. »
Luyu zeri opşk’omit. (ÇM)
Luu zeri opşk’omit. (AŞ)
Lux’u k’ank’eyi op’ç’k’omit. (HP)
Lux’u zeri kop’ç’k’omit. (ÇX)
Nanak lu-ncaxeriz mkveri elaçams. (FN-Sumla)
« Mother is adding wheat little by little to mashed cabbage. »
Lu-ncaxerişi dido na-ren var aş’k’omu do kogyut’alu. (AH-Borğola)
« He could not eat and left what was too much of the mashed cabage. »
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14.2.2. As predicative adjective (postposed to the determined noun)
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Şk’omeri vore. (PZ)(AŞ-west)
Şk’omeri vor. (ÇM)
Şk’omeri bore. (AŞ-east)
Ç’k’omeri bore. (FN ~ HP-P’eronit)
Ç’k’omeri vore. (HP ~ ÇX)
« I have eaten a little while ago. »
Orhani nek’na mok’limeri si giyondray. (ÇM-Ğvant)
Orhani nek’na k’limeri si k’ç’eşuy. (AŞ-Ok’ordule)
Orhanik nek’nas xe k’limeri si kçumers. (HP-P’eronit)
« Orhani is waiting for you holding the door. »
K’ap’ineri vor. (ÇM)
« I have run a little while ago. »
Puci-şk’imi mboli mboli mt’a şk’omeri on. (AŞ)
« My cow has eaten a lot of grass. »
Oxori k’ale movulur. Bere-ti cari şk’omeri miyonun. Ar piçi kodopxedat, dovisinapat. (AŞ-Ok’ordule)
« I am coming from home. My children have eaten. Let us sit down and chatter for a short while. »
Fadime Xasanişa menç’are(r)i ren. (FN)
« Fadime is destined to become the wife of Xasani. »
Ham na-mağodu menç’are(r)i miğut’u. (FN)
« What happened to me was written (in my destiny). »
Msva met’axeri uğun do k’inçiz var aputxinen. (FN-Sumla)
« The bird cannot fly, as it has a broken wing. »
Berepez “Lumcişe ordo oxoyişa moxtit” ma do çinadveri miyonun. (FN-Sumla)
« My children are enjoined to come home early in the evening. »
Marte-çkimiz “Pucepe livadiz mot amoşkumer” ma do çinadveri miyonun. (FN-Sumla)
« My neighbours are enjoined not to let enter their cows in my kitchen-garden. »
Ma şumeri bore. (AH ~ HP-P’eronit)
« I am angry. »
Çkin ğoma lumci dido doç’k’indineri bort’it. (HP)
« We were very tired yesterday evening. »
Para meçameri miğun. (HP) (*)
« The invoice is paid (by me). (= I paid what ought to be paid by me. »
● Participles are “adjective-adverbs derived from verb”. They can be used as noun like all Laz adjectives.
Miti na-va miyonurt’u şeni elaxuneri vimordi. (ÇM-Ğvant)
« As I am orphan, I grew up by working as an elaxuneri (*). »
(*) elaxuneri : 1. [participle] Sitting s.o. down ; sitting oneself down ; being seated
2. [noun] Very young servant without pay.
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14.2.3. As adverb
14.2.3.1. Alone
14.2.3.2. Reduplicated
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14.2.3.1. Alone
Bere dojineri imorden. (ÇM) Children grow up by sleeping.
Rgineri culun. (ÇM-Ğvant) He goes down by rolling..
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14.2.3.2. Reduplicated
K’ap’ineri k’ap’ineri ulurt’u. (PZ ~ AŞ) He was going by running.
Karmat’eşa cevulur/ Xe valeri valeri. (AŞ) I am going down to the water-mill
/ By waving my hand
Ngrineri ngrineri culun. (AŞ-Ok’ordule) He is going down by rolling.
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14.3. Participles with privative {u-}
The privative prefix {u-} can be affixed to participles in most of (*) western (PZ, ÇM, AŞ-Ok’ordule, AŞ-Dutxe) and eastern dialects (HP-Mak’rial)(ÇX).
●●● (*) No case is attested in AŞ-Ortaalan, FN, AH, HP-P’eronit.
Ut’axeri kva duvari va cidven. (ÇM-Ğvant)
« Stones that are not broken cannot be put to make walls. »
Udorgeri p’ap’a xombun. (ÇM-Ğvant)
« Seedlings that are not planted wither. »
●●● Privative participles and « verbal nouns with privative {u-} » (→ 15.2.) seem to have the same meaning. Further researches are necessary on these forms.
● In the North-West part of Turkey, in Bolu-Düzce, there are 12 Laz-speaking villages. Their ancestors migrated there from Çxala after the Russo-Ottoman war (1877 - 1878). According to the information given by Nedim Toraman, inhabitant of Osmanca village, forms like ut’axeli (without breaking) are used in the dialects of Düzce. The replacement of /r/ by /l/ gives perfect homophony with the privative circumfix {u-...-eli} which is affixed to nouns.
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