2.  Pronouns


2.1. √mi (who ; anyone ; no one)


2.2. √mu  (what ; anything ; nothing)


2.3. √mu (self ; own) sg.

ni  (self ; own) pl.


2.4. √na  (which)


2.5. √ha ~ √a  (this, these)

hi ~ √i ~ √he ~ √e (that, those)


2.6. Personal pronouns



Pronouns are classified in this chapter according to their root and function. 


The root which is described in 2.2. and the singular one in 2.3. have the same form.


For adjectives and adverbs having same root than the pronouns, see 3.1. and 4.1.


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◘◘◘  Nouns with pronominal meaning ◘◘◘

 

There are some “nouns having pronominal meaning” in Laz which are not classified among pronouns in this study.

Nominal use of adjectives


ir(i) (each → everybody)

bit’um(i) ~ mtel(i) (all)

teni (AŞ) (other → another)

3’aleni (lower → the one which is on the lower part)


Nouns derived from the numeral adjective ar (one)


arti (another)

artik’arti ~ artikarti (each other)


Nominal use in genitive case of the adverb çkva (more)


çkvaşi (Centre, East) (of another)



These nouns, that should be considered as pronouns in some other languages (for exemple in English), do not have any of morphological, syntactic, prosodic or derivational particularity of pronouns in Laz.

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●●● The “Altered document” proposes, p. 53, the term “zegnoba” for “pronoun”. It has been forged from the word “zegni” meaning “person” that, perhaps, exists in the dialects of Sakarya-Sapanca.


As it is specified in the Introduction, it is İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi who asserts that he did fieldwork in Sapanca. (The same precision, which had been done in the Turkish Introduction, was suppressed by İAB without informing Gôichi Kojima before publication.)


It is difficult to understand how a new term “pronoun” can be forged from a word meanig “person”.


The greater part of grammatical Laz terms that are “proposed” in the “Altered document” belong to the same category : they are misconceived when they are not nonsense.

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2.1. √mi : (who ; anyone ; no one)


2.1.1. mi


2.1.2. miti


2.1.3. mi(n)txa(ni)

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2.1.1. Interrogative-indefinite pronoun : mi (who, whoever)


The pronoun mi is interrogative or indefinite according to the syntax.


[A] Interrogative: « who ? » 

[B] Indefinite: « whoever » (1)


(1) In concessive clauses including the suffix -na (→16.2.1.).


■■■ Interrogative sentences have always falling intonation in Laz.

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2.1.1.1. Singular (and non marked plural) : mi


(PZ) = Pazar, (ÇM) = Çamlıhemşin, (AŞ) = Ardeşen, (FN) = Fındıklı, (AH) = Arhavi, (HP) = Hopa, (ÇX) = Çxala



PZ-west

PZ-east

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-east

FN

AH

HP, ÇX

abs.

mi (1)

pos.

mi

fused oblique case

mi

mi

erg.

mik

mik

dat. (*)

mis

miz/ mis

gen.

mişi/ miş

dir.

ambidir. mişe

ambidirective

mişa

mişa

mişe

mişa

abl.

mişe

mişen

loc. (*)

mis

?

miz/ mis

ins.

ø

ø


(1) mi-n, in expressions like “mi-n-ore ?” (Who are you ?)


Accent is on the initial in all forms.


●●● (*) Dative and locative cases are homophonous in Laz. They are defined as follows in this study : the element of sentence (= subject or complement) having the case suffix -s/-z is in the dative case if the verb agrees with it in person ; it is in the locative case if the verb does not agree with it.


2.1.1.2. Marked plural


Interrogative pronouns have the marked plural in Laz. It has a great number of regional variants as shown above. They are used in questions concerning plural unknown persons. The marked plural is not used if the question is asked on the identity of plural persons that are seen.


(PZ)(ÇM) mipe

(AŞ) mipe ~ miperepe

(FN) mintere ~ mintepe

(AH) miperepe

(HP) mirepe

(ÇX) mintepe

Plural-marked forms of this pronoun are declined like nouns (miperepek, miperepes, miperepeşi, ......), but the instrumental case is not observed.

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2.1.2. Indefinite pronouns : miti and its derivatives

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2.1.2.1. miti + negative (no one)


The indefinite pronoun miti is declined like nouns (mitik, mitis, mitişi ......). The instrumental case is not observed.

 

Miti var on. ~ Miti va ren.(1) There is nobody.

(1) Va(r): negation marker. On ~ ren: verb of existence (→12.1. et 13.1.).

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2.1.2.2. miti + optative affirmative (whoever)


The pronoun miti is also used in concessive clauses (→16.2.2.). For the optative mood, see chapters concerning the verbs (→11.5. and 13.).

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2.1.2.3. ar miti (anyone)


Indefinite adjective ar and the pronoun miti form together a compound indefinite pronoun ar miti (1) (= anyone) used in affirmative sentences.


(1) or a miti if the word is not pronounced carefully.

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2.1.2.4. (PZ) mitik’ere ~ (ÇM)(AŞ) mitik’ore ~ (FN) mitiyen (whoever)


The indefinite pronoun mitik’ere ~ mitik’ore ~ mitiyen means « whoever ».


The form mitiyen, used in the dialects of Fındıklı, is declined as follows : mitiyenk, mitiyens, mitiyenşi ... The plural is mitiyenpe. There is no vowel before case suffixes or plural marker. Such a suffixation never happens in case of nouns.


There is no pronoun of this morphology in the eastern dialects.

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2.1.3. Indefinite pronoun : mitxa ~ mintxa ~ mintxani ~ mitxani (someone)


The indefinite pronoun mitxa ~ mintxa ~ mintxani ~ mitxani indicates « someone known who do not need to be named » ou « someone known whose name is forgotten ». It is declined as follows : mintxak, mintxaz, mintxaşi ...... etc without instrumental case.



The indefinite pronoun ar mitxa ~ ar mintxa ~ ar mintxani ~ ar mitxani (1) means « anyone » or indicates « the unknown person that is seen ». Several forms are observed in plural : ar mitxape ~ ar mintxalepe ~ ar mitxanepe (1).


(1) or a mitxa ~ a mintxa ~ ...... etc.


In the dialects of Fındıklı, the form mintxaniyen (anyone) is observed in concessive clauses (→16.2.2).

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2.2. √mu : (what ; anything ; nothing)


2.2.1. muya ~ mu


2.2.2. muti ~ mutu


2.2.3. mu(n)txa(ni)

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2.2.1. Interrogative-indefinite pronoun : muya ~ mu (what)


The pronoun muya ~ mu is interrogative or indefinite according to the syntax.


[A] Interrogative: « what ? » 

[B] Indefinite: « whatever » (1)


(1) In concessive clauses including the suffix -na (→16.2.1.).

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2.2.1.1. Singular (and non-marked plural) Declension table :



PZ-west

PZ-east

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-east

FN

AH

HP, ÇX

abs.

muya

mu (1)

pos.

muya

fused oblique case

mu

mu

erg.

muyak

muk

dat.

muyas

muz/ mus

gen.

muyaşi

muşi

dir.

ambidir. muyaşe

ambidir. muyaşa

muşa

muşa

muşe

muşa

abl.

muşe

muşen

loc.

muyas

mu

muz/ mus

ins.

muyate

mute

muten


(1) mu-n, in the expression “mu-n-oren ?” (What is it ?)

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2.2.1.2. Marked plural


(PZ) muyape

(ÇM) muperepe

(AŞ) mupe ~ muperepe

(FN)(AH) muperepe

(HP) murepe

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2.2.2. Indefinite pronouns : muti ~ mutu and its derivatives

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2.2.2.1. muti ~ mutu + negative (nothing)


Indefinite pronoun muti ~ mutu is declined like nouns (mutik, mutis, mutişi ... ~ mutuk, mutuz, mutuşi ...).


(PZ) Muti var on. There is nothing.

(AŞ) Mutu var on. There is nothing.

(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) Mutu va ren.

~ Mutu va yen. There is nothing.

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2.2.2.2. muti ~ mutu + optative affirmative (whatever)


The pronoun muti ~ mutu is also used in concessive clauses (→16.2.2.). For the optative mood, see the chapters concerning the verbs (→11.5. and 13.).

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2.2.2.3. ar muti ~ ar mutu (anything)


Indefinite adjective ar and the pronoun muti ~ mutu form together a compound indefinite pronoun ar muti ~ ar mutu (1) (= anything) used in affirmative sentences.


(1) or a muti ~ a mutu.

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2.2.2.4. (PZ) mutik’ere ~ (AŞ) mutuk’ore ~ (FN) mutuyen (anything)


Iindefinite pronoun mutik’ere ~ mutuk’ore ~ mutuyen means « whatever ».


The form mutuyen, used in the dialects of Fındıklı, is declined as follows : mutuyenk, mutuyens, mutuyenşi ... The plural is mutuyenpe. There is no vowel before case suffixes or plural marker. Such a suffixation never happens in case of nouns.


There is no pronoun of this morphology in the eastern dialects.

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2.2.3. Indefinite pronoun : mutxa ~ muntxa ~ muntxani ~ mutxani (something)


Indefinite pronoun mutxa ~ muntxa ~ muntxani ~ mutxani indicates « something known that do not need to be named » or « something known whose name is forgotten ». Declension: muntxak, muntxaz, muntxaşi ......



The indefinite pronoun ar mutxa ~ ar muntxa ~ ar muntxani ~ ar mutxani (1) indicates « anything », « something forgotten » or  « something difficult to be expressed ».

(1) or : a mutxa ~ a muntxa ~ a muntxani ~a mutxani.

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2.3. √mu, √ni : Reflexive Pronouns (oneself)


2.3.1. In western dialects


2.3.2. In central and eastern dialects



In Laz, the difference between « cut one’s own nails » and « cut another person’s nails » is expressed by pre-stems (→11.6.) which are prefixed to the stem of verb. In this case, the use of reflexive pronouns is not necessary.

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2.3.1. In western dialects


(PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ) 

 

In western dialects, reflexive pronouns are observed only in postpositional and genitive cases. (The word çendi ~ kendi, borrowed from Turkish, is used for the absolutive case. In plural, çendepe ~ kendepe.)


Reflexive pronouns in genitive case are suffixed to the determinate noun.

 

Postpositional :

singular muşi muşi şeni for oneself (himself, herself)

   plural nişi nişi şeni for oneself (themselves)

 

Genitive :

singular -muşi baba-muşi one’s (his, her) own father

plural  -nişi baba-nişi one’s (their) own father

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2.3.2. In central and eastern dialects


(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX)

 

In central and eastern dialects, Reflexive pronouns are used in all cases except the instrumental case : singular, mu ; plural, (FN) nintere ~ nintepe, (AH)(HP)(ÇX) mutepe ~ muntere.


Declension in singular: mu, muşi, muk, mus ~ muz, muşi, muşa, muşe ~ muşen. Except the postpositionl case, all forms are identical with those of interrogative-indefinite pronoun mu.


The genitive case of singular (muşi) can be prefixed or suffixed to the noun.


The genitive case of plural (nintereşi ~ nintepeşi ~ mutepeşi ~ muntereşi) precedes generally the determinate noun.


In the dialects of Fındıklı, the suffixed form (-nişi) is used, too.


In the dialects of Çxala, in the plural, the third syllable -pe disappears facultatively. Mutepe, mutepeşi ~ muteşi, mutepek ~ mutek, mutepes ~ mutes, mutepeşi ~ muteşi, mutepeşa ~ muteşa, mutepeşen ~ muteşen.


Mu moxtu.(1) He came himself. (2)

Muk gamaçu. He sold it himself. (2)

Nintere moxtes. ~ Nintepe moxtes. ~

Mutepe moxtes. ~ Muntere moxtes. They came themselves.

muşi şeni for oneself

Muz axenen. He can do it himself. (2)

muşi bere one’s own child

bere-muşi one’s own child

mutepeşi bere one’s (their) own child

ti-muşi şeni for oneself (himself) egoistically (2) (3)

ti-nişi şeni (FN) for oneself (themselves) egoistically (3)



(1) Also « Muk moxtu. » in Arhavi and Hopa.


(2) There is no gender in Laz. We do not write any more in this study « he, she or it », « his, her or its », « him, her or it », « himself, herself or itself », « Englishman or Englishwoman » etc.


(3) word for word : for one’s head.

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2.4. √na : which


2.4.1. Short stem (singular)


2.4.2. Long stem singular


2.4.3. Long stem plural

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2.4.1. Interrogative pronoun with short stem (singular)

The pronoun with short stem (na) is not observed in western dialects. It is used in central and eastern dialects only before the postposition k’onar(i) (= as much as). 


na k’onar(i) how much

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2.4.2. Interrogative-indefinite pronoun with long stem : singular


The pronoun nam ~ naya is interrogative or indefinite according to the syntax.


[A] Interrogative: « which ? » 

[B] Indefinite: « whichever » (1)


(1) In concessive clauses including the suffix -na (→16.2.1.)



Two long stems coexist as follows.

 

Western dialects : nam-

A part of central dialects : naya-

Other dialects : naya- in absolutive case, nam- in other cases



PZ-west

PZ-east

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-east

FN

AH

HP, ÇX

abs.

nam/ nam-muşi

nam

naya

pos.

namu

fused oblique case

namu

naya/ namu

namu

erg.

namuk (1)

nayak/ namuk

namuk

dat.

namus (2)

nayaz/ nayas/ namuz/ namus

namus

gen.

namuşi

nayaşi/ namuşi

namuşi

dir.

ambidir.

namuşe

ambidirective case

namuşa

namuşa

nayaşa/ namuşa

nayaşe/ namuşe

namuşa

abl.

namuşe

neyaşen/ namuşen

namuşen

loc.

namus

namu

nayaz/ nayas/ namuz/ namus

namus

ins.

namute

nayate/ namute

nayaten/ namuten

namuten


(1) also namuko, namuku.

(2) also namuso, namusu.


In all polysyllabic forms having the stem nam-, accent is on the vowel -u (namu, namuk, namuşa ...).


●●● The postpositional case form, namu, is observed (in place of the absolutive case form, nam and naya) as direct object of transitive verbs in wide areas. The ergativity of the Laz language is manifestly very complex. Further researches are necessary on this subject. (→ 2.5.2.1., 2.5.2.2.)

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2.4.3. Interrogative-indefinite pronoun with long stem : plural


The plural of this pronoun has a great number of regional variants.


(PZ) nani, namepe

(AŞ) namupe

(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) nantere ~ namtepe ~ nantepe


All these forms are declined like nouns.

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2.5. √ha ~ √a, √hi ~ √i ~ √he ~ √e : Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those)


2.5.1. Short stem (singular)


2.5.2. Long stem singular


2.5.3. Long stem plural

2.5.4. Long stem : plural locational pronouns


Differing from nouns and the pronoun mi (= who), the plural of demonstrative pronouns is always marked.

   

There is no personal pronoun for third person (he, she, it, they) in Laz. Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) take their place.

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2.5.1. Demonstrative pronouns with short stem (singular) : ha ~ a, hi ~ he ~ e 


Demonstrative pronouns with short stem are observed only before postpositions like k’onar(i) ~ k’onay (= as much as), st’er(i) ~ ster(i) ~ ste(y)i (= like) and şeni (= for) (→ 5.2.1. Postpositions) as well as with the conjunction-suffix -ti (= also, too) (→ 7.2.).


ha k’onar(i) (FN)(AH) this much

~ a k’onay (HP)(ÇX)

he k’onar(i) (FN)(AH) that much

~ e k’onay (HP)(ÇX)

ha st’er(i) ~ ha ster(i) ~ a ste(y)i like this

hi st’eri like that


hi şeni (AŞ) for that ; therefore


ha-ti (FN)(AH) this also, he also

he-ti (FN)(AH) that also, he also

hek-ti (FN)(AH) that also, he also (ergative)

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2.5.2. Demonstrative pronouns with long stem : singular

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2.5.2.1. ham, haya ~ aya (this)

 

Two long stems (with regional variants) coexist as follows.

 

Western dialects : ham-

A part of central dialects : haya-

Other dialects : haya- ~ aya- in absolutivecase,

hamu- ~ amu- in other cases


(West)


PZ-Apso

PZ-Cigetore

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-Ortaalan

absolutive

ham

postpositional

hamu

fused oblique case

hamu ~ ham

ergative

hamuk (1)

dative

hamus (2)

genitive

hamuş(i)

directive

ambidirective c.

hamuşe

ambidirective case

hamuşa

hamuşa

ablative

hamuşe

locative

hamus

hamu ~ ham


instrumental

hamute


(1) Also hamuko, hamuku

(2) Also hamuso, hamusu


(CentreEast)


FN

AH

HP-P’eronit

HP, ÇX

absolut.

haya

aya

postpos.

haya ~ hamu

amu

ergative

hayak ~ hamuk

amuk

dative

hayaz ~ hayas ~ hamuz ~ hamus

amuz ~ amus

genitive

hayaş(i) ~ hamuş(i)

amuş(i)

directive

hayaşa ~ hamuşa

hayaşe ~ hamuşe

hayaşa ~ hamuşa

amuşa

ablative

hayaşen ~ hamuşen

amuşen

locative

hayaz ~ hayas ~ hamuz ~ hamus

amuz ~ amus

instrum.

hayate ~ hamute

amuten


In all polysyllabic forms having the stem hamu- ~ amu-, accent is on the vowel -u (hamu, hamuk, hamuşa ..., amuk, amuz ...).


●●● The postpositional case form, hamu, is observed (in place of absolutive case forms, ham and haya) as direct object of transitive verbs in wide areas. The ergativity of the Laz language is manifestly very complex. Further researches are necessary on this subject. (→ 2.4.2., 2.5.2.2.)

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2.5.2.2. him, heya ~ eya ~ iya (that)


Two long stems (with regional variants) coexist as follows.

 

Western dialects : him-

A part of central dialects : heya-

Other dialects : heya- ~ eya- ~ iya- in absolutive case,

hemu- ~ emu- in other cases


(West)


PZ-Apso

PZ-Cigetore

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-Ortaalan

absolutive

him

postpositional

himu

fused oblique case

himu ~ him

ergative

himuk (1)

dative

himus (2)

genitive

himuş(i)

directive

ambidirective c.

himuşe

ambidirective case

himuşa

himuşa

ablative

himuşe

locative

himus

himu ~ him


instrumental

himute


(1) Also himuko, himuku

(2) Also himuso, himusu


(CentreEast)


FN

AH

HP-P’eronit

HP, ÇX

absolut.

heya

eya ~ iya

postpos.

heya ~ hemu

emu

ergative

heyak ~ hemuk

emuk

dative

heyaz ~ heyas ~ hemuz ~ hemus

emuz ~ emus

genitive

heyaş(i) ~ hemuş(i)

emuş(i)

directive

heyaşa ~ hemuşa

heyaşe ~ hemuşe

heyaşa ~ hemuşa

emuşa

ablative

heyaşen ~ hemuşen

emuşen

locative

heyaz ~ heyas ~ hemuz ~ hemus

emuz ~ emus

instrum.

heyate ~ hemute

emuten



In all polysyllabic forms having the stem himu- ~ hemu- ~ emu-, accent is on the vowel -u (himu, himuk, himuşa ..., hemuk, hemuz....).


●●● The postpositional case forms, himu ~ hemu, are observed (in place of absolutive case forms, him ~ hem and heya) as direct object of transitive verbs in wide areas. The ergativity of the Laz language is manifestly very complex. Further researches are necessary on this subject. (→ 2.4.2., 2.5.2.1.)

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2.5.3. Demonstrative pronouns with long stem : plural

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2.5.3.1. hani, hantere ~ hantepe ~ hamtep ~ hamtepe ~ amtepe ~ antepe ~ antere (these)


(West)


PZ-Apso

PZ-Cigetore

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-Ortaalan

absolutive

hani

absolutive

fused oblique case

hani

postpositional

ergative

hanik

dative

hanis

genitive

haniş(i)

directive

ambidirective

hanişe

ambidirective

hanişa

hanişa

ablative

hanişe

locative

hanis

hani

instrumental

hanite


(CentreEast)


FN

AH (1)

HP-P’eronit (2)

HP

ÇX

absolutive

hantere ~ hantepe

antepe

postpos.

ergative

hanterek ~ hantepek (3)

antepek

dative

hanterez ~ hanteres ~ hantepez ~ hantepes

antepez ~ antepes

genitive

hantereş(i) ~ hantepeş(i)

antepeş(i)

antepeş(i) ~ antepeyi

directive

hantereşa ~ hantepeşa

hantereşe ~ hantepeşe

hantereşa ~ hantepeşa

antepeşa

ablative

hantereşen ~ hantepeşen

antepeşen

locative

hanterez ~ hanteres ~ hantepez ~ hantepes

antepez ~ antepes

instrum.

hanterete ~ hantepete

antepeten


(1) In a part of Arhavi dialects : hamtep, hamtepek, hamtepes ......


(2) In a part of Hopa dialects : hamtepe, hamtepek, hamtepez ......


(3) In a part of Arhavi dialects, in ergative and following cases : hatepek, hatepes, hatepeşi ......

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2.5.3.2. hini, hentere ~ hentepe ~ hemtep ~ hemtepe ~ emtepe ~ entepe ~ entere (those)


(West)


PZ-Apso

PZ-Cigetore

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-Ortaalan

absolutive

hini

absolutive

fused oblique case

hini

postpositional

ergative

hinik

dative

hinis

genitive

hiniş(i)

directive

ambidirective

hinişe

ambidirective

hinişa

hinişa

ablative

hinişe

locative

hinis

hini

instrumental

hinite


(CentreEast)


FN

AH (1)

HP-P’eronit (2)

HP

ÇX

absolutive

hentere ~ hentepe

entepe

postpos.

ergative

henterek ~ hentepek (3)

entepek

dative

henterez ~ henteres ~ hentepez ~ hentepes

entepez ~ entepes

genitive

hentereş(i) ~ hentepeş(i)

entepeş(i)

entepeş(i) ~ entepeyi

directive

hentereşa ~ hentepeşa

hentereşe ~ hentepeşe

hentereşa ~ hentepeşa

entepeşa

ablative

hentereşen ~ hentepeşen

entepeşen

locative

henterez ~ henteres ~ hentepez ~ hentepes

entepez ~ entepes

instrum.

henterete ~ hentepete

entepeten


(1) In a part of Arhavi dialects : hemtep, hemtepek, hemtepes ......


(2) In a part of Hopa dialects : hemtepe, hemtepek, hemtepez ......


(3) In a part of Arhavi dialects, in ergative and following cases : hetepek, hetepes, hetepeşi ......

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2.5.4. Plural locational pronouns with long stem

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(PZ)

hanepe this place and its vicinity

hanepes [locative] here and in the vicinity


hinepe that place and its vicinity

hinepes [locative] there and in the vicinity

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(AŞ)

haminepe this place and its vicinity; here and in the vicinity (1)

himinepe that place and its vicinity; there and in the vicinity (1)


(1) In the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen, fused oblique case = postpositional-ergative-dative-locative case (→ 1.1.2.1.).

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(Centre, East)

hameepe this place and its vicinity

hameepez [locative] here and in the vicinity


hemeepe that place and its vicinity

hemeepez [locative] there and in the vicinity

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The Laz language has a great number of adverbs (→ 4.4.) and preverbs (→ 11.7., 19.) that explain precisely location and direction.

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2.6. Personal pronouns


2.6.1. First person


2.6.2. Second person


The laz language has personal pronouns only for first and second persons.


As we mentioned in 2.5. (Demonstrative pronouns), it has no personal pronoun for third person (he, she, it, they). Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) take their place.


Common morphological particularity of personal pronouns  : absolutive, ergative and dative cases have the same form.


Personal pronouns have no instrumental case. ______________________________________________________________________


2.6.1. First person

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2.6.1.1. Singular (I, me)


(PZ) = Pazar, (ÇM) = Çamlıhemşin, (AŞ) = Ardeşen, (FN) = Fındıklı, (AH) = Arhavi, (HP) = Hopa, (ÇX) = Çxala



PZ

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-east

FN

AH

HP, ÇX

abs.

ma (1)

ma/ man (2)

pos.

şk’imi

çkimi

erg.

ma (1)

ma/ man (2)

dat.

gen.

şk’imi (3)

çkimi (3)

dir.

ambidir. şk’iminde/ şk’imde/ şk’imda

ambidir.

şk’imda

şk’imda

çkimda

çkimde

çkimda

abl.

şk’imde

çkimden

loc.

ø

ma (4)

ø

ins.

ø


(1) Same form for absolutive, ergative and dative cases.

Man , in the expression man do si” (I and you).


(2) Same form for absolutive, ergative and dative cases.

Man, in expressions like “man do si” (I and you), “man-ti”(I also) etc.


(3) Sometimes şk’im ~ çkim before vowel.


(4) In the dialect of FN-Ç’anapet, there is a verb that gouverns personal pronoun in the locative case. (No personal pronoun in the locative case is observed in other dialects.)


Mteliz ma dulya dulamz. Everyone’s work falls on me.


Personal pronouns in genitive case have three kinds of use.

(a) Before determinate noun (emphatic expression):


şk’imi nana ~ çkimi nana my mother

şk’im(i) oxor(i) ~ çkim(i) oxor(i) my house


(b) Suffixed to the determinate noun (normal expression):


nana-şk’imi ~ nana-çkimi my mother

oxori-şk’imi ~ oxori-çkimi my house


(c) As predicative (without noun):


Ham şk’im(i) on. ~ Haya çkimi ren. This is mine.


When personal pronouns are suffixed to the determinate noun, case markers are attached to the pronoun.


(ergative) şk’imi nanak ~ çkimi nanak my mother

nana-şk’imik ~ nana-çkimik my mother

(locative) şk’imi oxoris ~ çkimi oxoriz in my house

oxori-şk’imis ~ oxori-çkimiz in my house

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2.6.1.2. Plural (we, us)



PZ

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-east

FN

AH

HP, ÇX

abs.

şk’u

çku/ çkun

çkin

pos.

şk’uni

çkuni

çkini

erg.

şk’u

çku/ çkun

çkin

dat.

gen.

şk’uni (1)

çkuni (1)

çkini (1)

dir.

ambidir. şk’uninde/ şk’unde/ şk’unda

ambidir. şk’unda

şk’unda

çkunda

çkunde

çkinda

abl.

şk’unde

çkunden

çkinden

loc.

ø

çku (2)

ø

ins.

ø


(1) Sometimes şk’un ~ çkun ~ çkin before vowel.


(2) In the dialect of FN-Ç’anapet, there is a verb that gouverns personal pronoun in the locative case. (No personal pronoun in the locative case is observed in other dialects.)


Mteliz çku dulya dulamz. Everyone’s work falls on us.


Note: there is a word that derived from the genitive case of this pronoun : şk’unepe ~ çkunepe ~ çkinepe (ours).

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2.6.2. Second person

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2.6.2.1. Singular (you)



PZ

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-east

FN

AH

HP, ÇX

abs.

si (1)

si/ sin (1)

pos.

sk’ani

skani

erg.

si (1)

si/ sin (2)

dat.

gen.

sk’ani (3)

skani (3)

dir.

ambidir. sk’aninde/ sk’ande/ sk’anda

ambidir.

sk’anda

sk’anda

skanda

skande

skanda

abl.

sk’ande

skanden

loc.

ø

si (4)

ø

ins.

ø


(1) sin, in the expression “sin do ma” (you and I).


(2) sin, in expressions like “sin do ma” (you and I), “sin-ti”(you also) etc.


(3) Sometimes sk’an ~ skan before vowel.


(4) In the dialect of FN-Ç’anapet, there is a verb that gouverns personal pronoun in the locative case. (No personal pronoun in the locative case is observed in other dialects.)


Mteliz si dulya dulamz. Everyone’s work falls on you [sg.].


Use of genitive case :


(ergative) sk’ani nanak ~ skani nanak your mother

nana-sk’anik ~ nana-skanik your mother

(locative) sk’ani oxoris ~ skani oxoriz in your house

oxori-sk’anis ~ oxori-skaniz in your house

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2.6.2.2. Plural (you)



PZ

ÇM, AŞ

AŞ-east

FN

AH

HP, ÇX

abs.

t’k’va

tkva/ tkvan

tkvan

pos.

t’k’vani

tkvani

erg.

t’k’va

tkva/ tkvan

tkvan

dat.

gen.

t’k’vani (1)

tkvani (1)

dir.

ambidir. t’k’vaninde/ t’k’vande/ t’k’vanda

ambidir. t’k’vanda

t’k’vanda

tkvanda

tkvande

tkvanda

abl.

t’k’vande

tkvanden

loc.

ø

tkva (2)

ø

ins.

ø


(1) Sometimes t’k’van ~ tkvan before vowel.


(2) In the dialect of FN-Ç’anapet, there is a verb that gouverns personal pronoun in the locative case. (No personal pronoun in the locative case is observed in other dialects.)


Mteliz tkva dulya dulamz. Everyone’s work falls on you [pl.].