2. Pronouns
2.1. √mi (who ; anyone ; no one)
2.2. √mu (what ; anything ; nothing)
2.3. √mu (self ; own) sg.
√ni (self ; own) pl.
2.4. √na (which)
2.5. √ha ~ √a (this, these)
√hi ~ √i ~ √he ~ √e (that, those)
2.6. Personal pronouns
● Pronouns are classified in this chapter according to their root and function.
● The root which is described in 2.2. and the singular one in 2.3. have the same form.
● For adjectives and adverbs having same root than the pronouns, see 3.1. and 4.1.
______________________________________________________________________
◘◘◘ Nouns with pronominal meaning ◘◘◘
There are some “nouns having pronominal meaning” in Laz which are not classified among pronouns in this study.
● Nominal use of adjectives
ir(i) (each → everybody)
bit’um(i) ~ mtel(i) (all)
teni (AŞ) (other → another)
3’aleni (lower → the one which is on the lower part)
● Nouns derived from the numeral adjective ar (one)
arti (another)
artik’arti ~ artikarti (each other)
● Nominal use in genitive case of the adverb çkva (more)
çkvaşi (Centre, East) (of another)
These nouns, that should be considered as pronouns in some other languages (for exemple in English), do not have any of morphological, syntactic, prosodic or derivational particularity of pronouns in Laz.
______________________________________________________________________
●●● The “Altered document” proposes, p. 53, the term “zegnoba” for “pronoun”. It has been forged from the word “zegni” meaning “person” that, perhaps, exists in the dialects of Sakarya-Sapanca.
As it is specified in the Introduction, it is İsmail Avcı Bucaklişi who asserts that he did fieldwork in Sapanca. (The same precision, which had been done in the Turkish Introduction, was suppressed by İAB without informing Gôichi Kojima before publication.)
It is difficult to understand how a new term “pronoun” can be forged from a word meanig “person”.
The greater part of grammatical Laz terms that are “proposed” in the “Altered document” belong to the same category : they are misconceived when they are not nonsense.
______________________________________________________________________
2.1. √mi : (who ; anyone ; no one)
2.1.1. mi
2.1.2. miti
2.1.3. mi(n)txa(ni)
______________________________________________________________________
2.1.1. Interrogative-indefinite pronoun : mi (who, whoever)
The pronoun mi is interrogative or indefinite according to the syntax.
[A] Interrogative: « who ? »
[B] Indefinite: « whoever » (1)
(1) In concessive clauses including the suffix -na (→16.2.1.).
■■■ Interrogative sentences have always falling intonation in Laz.
______________________________________________________________________
2.1.1.1. Singular (and non marked plural) : mi
(PZ) = Pazar, (ÇM) = Çamlıhemşin, (AŞ) = Ardeşen, (FN) = Fındıklı, (AH) = Arhavi, (HP) = Hopa, (ÇX) = Çxala
|
PZ-west |
PZ-east |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-east |
FN |
AH |
HP, ÇX |
abs. |
mi (1) |
||||||
pos. |
mi |
fused oblique case mi |
mi |
||||
erg. |
mik |
mik |
|||||
dat. (*) |
mis |
miz/ mis |
|||||
gen. |
mişi/ miş |
||||||
dir. |
ambidir. mişe |
ambidirective mişa |
mişa |
mişe |
mişa |
||
abl. |
mişe |
mişen |
|||||
loc. (*) |
mis |
? |
miz/ mis |
||||
ins. |
ø |
ø |
(1) mi-n, in expressions like “mi-n-ore ?” (Who are you ?)
■ Accent is on the initial in all forms.
●●● (*) Dative and locative cases are homophonous in Laz. They are defined as follows in this study : the element of sentence (= subject or complement) having the case suffix -s/-z is in the dative case if the verb agrees with it in person ; it is in the locative case if the verb does not agree with it.
2.1.1.2. Marked plural
Interrogative pronouns have the marked plural in Laz. It has a great number of regional variants as shown above. They are used in questions concerning plural unknown persons. The marked plural is not used if the question is asked on the identity of plural persons that are seen.
(PZ)(ÇM) mipe
(AŞ) mipe ~ miperepe
(FN) mintere ~ mintepe
(AH) miperepe
(HP) mirepe
(ÇX) mintepe
Plural-marked forms of this pronoun are declined like nouns (miperepek, miperepes, miperepeşi, ......), but the instrumental case is not observed.
______________________________________________________________________
2.1.2. Indefinite pronouns : miti and its derivatives
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.1.2.1. miti + negative (no one)
The indefinite pronoun miti is declined like nouns (mitik, mitis, mitişi ......). The instrumental case is not observed.
Miti var on. ~ Miti va ren.(1) There is nobody.
(1) Va(r): negation marker. On ~ ren: verb of existence (→12.1. et 13.1.).
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.1.2.2. miti + optative affirmative (whoever)
The pronoun miti is also used in concessive clauses (→16.2.2.). For the optative mood, see chapters concerning the verbs (→11.5. and 13.).
______________________________________________________________________
2.1.2.3. ar miti (anyone)
Indefinite adjective ar and the pronoun miti form together a compound indefinite pronoun ar miti (1) (= anyone) used in affirmative sentences.
(1) or a miti if the word is not pronounced carefully.
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.1.2.4. (PZ) mitik’ere ~ (ÇM)(AŞ) mitik’ore ~ (FN) mitiyen (whoever)
The indefinite pronoun mitik’ere ~ mitik’ore ~ mitiyen means « whoever ».
● The form mitiyen, used in the dialects of Fındıklı, is declined as follows : mitiyenk, mitiyens, mitiyenşi ... The plural is mitiyenpe. There is no vowel before case suffixes or plural marker. Such a suffixation never happens in case of nouns.
● There is no pronoun of this morphology in the eastern dialects.
______________________________________________________________________
2.1.3. Indefinite pronoun : mitxa ~ mintxa ~ mintxani ~ mitxani (someone)
The indefinite pronoun mitxa ~ mintxa ~ mintxani ~ mitxani indicates « someone known who do not need to be named » ou « someone known whose name is forgotten ». It is declined as follows : mintxak, mintxaz, mintxaşi ...... etc without instrumental case.
● The indefinite pronoun ar mitxa ~ ar mintxa ~ ar mintxani ~ ar mitxani (1) means « anyone » or indicates « the unknown person that is seen ». Several forms are observed in plural : ar mitxape ~ ar mintxalepe ~ ar mitxanepe (1).
(1) or a mitxa ~ a mintxa ~ ...... etc.
● In the dialects of Fındıklı, the form mintxaniyen (anyone) is observed in concessive clauses (→16.2.2).
______________________________________________________________________
2.2. √mu : (what ; anything ; nothing)
2.2.1. muya ~ mu
2.2.2. muti ~ mutu
2.2.3. mu(n)txa(ni)
______________________________________________________________________
2.2.1. Interrogative-indefinite pronoun : muya ~ mu (what)
The pronoun muya ~ mu is interrogative or indefinite according to the syntax.
[A] Interrogative: « what ? »
[B] Indefinite: « whatever » (1)
(1) In concessive clauses including the suffix -na (→16.2.1.).
______________________________________________________________________
2.2.1.1. Singular (and non-marked plural) Declension table :
|
PZ-west |
PZ-east |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-east |
FN |
AH |
HP, ÇX |
abs. |
muya |
mu (1) |
|||||
pos. |
muya |
fused oblique case mu |
mu |
||||
erg. |
muyak |
muk |
|||||
dat. |
muyas |
muz/ mus |
|||||
gen. |
muyaşi |
muşi |
|||||
dir. |
ambidir. muyaşe |
ambidir. muyaşa |
muşa |
muşa |
muşe |
muşa |
|
abl. |
muşe |
muşen |
|||||
loc. |
muyas |
mu |
muz/ mus |
||||
ins. |
muyate |
mute |
muten |
(1) mu-n, in the expression “mu-n-oren ?” (What is it ?)
______________________________________________________________________
2.2.1.2. Marked plural
(PZ) muyape
(ÇM) muperepe
(AŞ) mupe ~ muperepe
(FN)(AH) muperepe
(HP) murepe
______________________________________________________________________
2.2.2. Indefinite pronouns : muti ~ mutu and its derivatives
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.2.2.1. muti ~ mutu + negative (nothing)
Indefinite pronoun muti ~ mutu is declined like nouns (mutik, mutis, mutişi ... ~ mutuk, mutuz, mutuşi ...).
(PZ) Muti var on. There is nothing.
(AŞ) Mutu var on. There is nothing.
(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) Mutu va ren.
~ Mutu va yen. There is nothing.
______________________________________________________________________
2.2.2.2. muti ~ mutu + optative affirmative (whatever)
The pronoun muti ~ mutu is also used in concessive clauses (→16.2.2.). For the optative mood, see the chapters concerning the verbs (→11.5. and 13.).
______________________________________________________________________
2.2.2.3. ar muti ~ ar mutu (anything)
Indefinite adjective ar and the pronoun muti ~ mutu form together a compound indefinite pronoun ar muti ~ ar mutu (1) (= anything) used in affirmative sentences.
(1) or a muti ~ a mutu.
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.2.2.4. (PZ) mutik’ere ~ (AŞ) mutuk’ore ~ (FN) mutuyen (anything)
Iindefinite pronoun mutik’ere ~ mutuk’ore ~ mutuyen means « whatever ».
● The form mutuyen, used in the dialects of Fındıklı, is declined as follows : mutuyenk, mutuyens, mutuyenşi ... The plural is mutuyenpe. There is no vowel before case suffixes or plural marker. Such a suffixation never happens in case of nouns.
● There is no pronoun of this morphology in the eastern dialects.
______________________________________________________________________
2.2.3. Indefinite pronoun : mutxa ~ muntxa ~ muntxani ~ mutxani (something)
Indefinite pronoun mutxa ~ muntxa ~ muntxani ~ mutxani indicates « something known that do not need to be named » or « something known whose name is forgotten ». Declension: muntxak, muntxaz, muntxaşi ......
● The indefinite pronoun ar mutxa ~ ar muntxa ~ ar muntxani ~ ar mutxani (1) indicates « anything », « something forgotten » or « something difficult to be expressed ».
(1) or : a mutxa ~ a muntxa ~ a muntxani ~a mutxani.
______________________________________________________________________
2.3. √mu, √ni : Reflexive Pronouns (oneself)
2.3.1. In western dialects
2.3.2. In central and eastern dialects
● In Laz, the difference between « cut one’s own nails » and « cut another person’s nails » is expressed by pre-stems (→11.6.) which are prefixed to the stem of verb. In this case, the use of reflexive pronouns is not necessary.
______________________________________________________________________
2.3.1. In western dialects
(PZ)(ÇM)(AŞ)
In western dialects, reflexive pronouns are observed only in postpositional and genitive cases. (The word çendi ~ kendi, borrowed from Turkish, is used for the absolutive case. In plural, çendepe ~ kendepe.)
● Reflexive pronouns in genitive case are suffixed to the determinate noun.
Postpositional :
singular muşi muşi şeni for oneself (himself, herself)
plural nişi nişi şeni for oneself (themselves)
Genitive :
singular -muşi baba-muşi one’s (his, her) own father
plural -nişi baba-nişi one’s (their) own father
______________________________________________________________________
2.3.2. In central and eastern dialects
(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX)
In central and eastern dialects, Reflexive pronouns are used in all cases except the instrumental case : singular, mu ; plural, (FN) nintere ~ nintepe, (AH)(HP)(ÇX) mutepe ~ muntere.
● Declension in singular: mu, muşi, muk, mus ~ muz, muşi, muşa, muşe ~ muşen. Except the postpositionl case, all forms are identical with those of interrogative-indefinite pronoun mu.
● The genitive case of singular (muşi) can be prefixed or suffixed to the noun.
● The genitive case of plural (nintereşi ~ nintepeşi ~ mutepeşi ~ muntereşi) precedes generally the determinate noun.
● In the dialects of Fındıklı, the suffixed form (-nişi) is used, too.
● In the dialects of Çxala, in the plural, the third syllable -pe disappears facultatively. Mutepe, mutepeşi ~ muteşi, mutepek ~ mutek, mutepes ~ mutes, mutepeşi ~ muteşi, mutepeşa ~ muteşa, mutepeşen ~ muteşen.
Mu moxtu.(1) He came himself. (2)
Muk gamaçu. He sold it himself. (2)
Nintere moxtes. ~ Nintepe moxtes. ~
Mutepe moxtes. ~ Muntere moxtes. They came themselves.
muşi şeni for oneself
Muz axenen. He can do it himself. (2)
muşi bere one’s own child
bere-muşi one’s own child
mutepeşi bere one’s (their) own child
ti-muşi şeni for oneself (himself) egoistically (2) (3)
ti-nişi şeni (FN) for oneself (themselves) egoistically (3)
(1) Also « Muk moxtu. » in Arhavi and Hopa.
(2) There is no gender in Laz. We do not write any more in this study « he, she or it », « his, her or its », « him, her or it », « himself, herself or itself », « Englishman or Englishwoman » etc.
(3) word for word : for one’s head.
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.4. √na : which
2.4.1. Short stem (singular)
2.4.2. Long stem singular
2.4.3. Long stem plural
______________________________________________________________________
2.4.1. Interrogative pronoun with short stem (singular)
The pronoun with short stem (na) is not observed in western dialects. It is used in central and eastern dialects only before the postposition k’onar(i) (= as much as).
na k’onar(i) how much
______________________________________________________________________
2.4.2. Interrogative-indefinite pronoun with long stem : singular
The pronoun nam ~ naya is interrogative or indefinite according to the syntax.
[A] Interrogative: « which ? »
[B] Indefinite: « whichever » (1)
(1) In concessive clauses including the suffix -na (→16.2.1.)
Two long stems coexist as follows.
Western dialects : nam-
A part of central dialects : naya-
Other dialects : naya- in absolutive case, nam- in other cases
|
PZ-west |
PZ-east |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-east |
FN |
AH |
HP, ÇX |
abs. |
nam/ nam-muşi |
nam |
naya |
||||
pos. |
namu |
fused oblique case namu |
naya/ namu |
namu |
|||
erg. |
namuk (1) |
nayak/ namuk |
namuk |
||||
dat. |
namus (2) |
nayaz/ nayas/ namuz/ namus |
namus |
||||
gen. |
namuşi |
nayaşi/ namuşi |
namuşi |
||||
dir. |
ambidir. namuşe |
ambidirective case namuşa |
namuşa |
nayaşa/ namuşa |
nayaşe/ namuşe |
namuşa |
|
abl. |
namuşe |
neyaşen/ namuşen |
namuşen |
||||
loc. |
namus |
namu |
nayaz/ nayas/ namuz/ namus |
namus |
|||
ins. |
namute |
nayate/ namute |
nayaten/ namuten |
namuten |
(1) also namuko, namuku.
(2) also namuso, namusu.
■ In all polysyllabic forms having the stem nam-, accent is on the vowel -u (namu, namuk, namuşa ...).
●●● The postpositional case form, namu, is observed (in place of the absolutive case form, nam and naya) as direct object of transitive verbs in wide areas. The ergativity of the Laz language is manifestly very complex. Further researches are necessary on this subject. (→ 2.5.2.1., 2.5.2.2.)
______________________________________________________________________
2.4.3. Interrogative-indefinite pronoun with long stem : plural
The plural of this pronoun has a great number of regional variants.
(PZ) nani, namepe
(AŞ) namupe
(FN)(AH)(HP)(ÇX) nantere ~ namtepe ~ nantepe
All these forms are declined like nouns.
______________________________________________________________________
2.5. √ha ~ √a, √hi ~ √i ~ √he ~ √e : Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those)
2.5.1. Short stem (singular)
2.5.2. Long stem singular
2.5.3. Long stem plural
2.5.4. Long stem : plural locational pronouns
● Differing from nouns and the pronoun mi (= who), the plural of demonstrative pronouns is always marked.
● There is no personal pronoun for third person (he, she, it, they) in Laz. Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) take their place.
______________________________________________________________________
2.5.1. Demonstrative pronouns with short stem (singular) : ha ~ a, hi ~ he ~ e
Demonstrative pronouns with short stem are observed only before postpositions like k’onar(i) ~ k’onay (= as much as), st’er(i) ~ ster(i) ~ ste(y)i (= like) and şeni (= for) (→ 5.2.1. Postpositions) as well as with the conjunction-suffix -ti (= also, too) (→ 7.2.).
ha k’onar(i) (FN)(AH) this much
~ a k’onay (HP)(ÇX)
he k’onar(i) (FN)(AH) that much
~ e k’onay (HP)(ÇX)
ha st’er(i) ~ ha ster(i) ~ a ste(y)i like this
hi st’eri like that
hi şeni (AŞ) for that ; therefore
ha-ti (FN)(AH) this also, he also
he-ti (FN)(AH) that also, he also
hek-ti (FN)(AH) that also, he also (ergative)
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.5.2. Demonstrative pronouns with long stem : singular
______________________________________________________________________
2.5.2.1. ham, haya ~ aya (this)
Two long stems (with regional variants) coexist as follows.
Western dialects : ham-
A part of central dialects : haya-
Other dialects : haya- ~ aya- in absolutivecase,
hamu- ~ amu- in other cases
(West)
|
PZ-Apso |
PZ-Cigetore |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-Ortaalan |
absolutive |
ham |
|||
postpositional |
hamu |
fused oblique case hamu ~ ham |
||
ergative |
hamuk (1) |
|||
dative |
hamus (2) |
|||
genitive |
hamuş(i) |
|||
directive |
ambidirective c. hamuşe |
ambidirective case hamuşa |
hamuşa |
|
ablative |
hamuşe |
|||
locative |
hamus |
hamu ~ ham |
|
|
instrumental |
hamute |
(1) Also hamuko, hamuku
(2) Also hamuso, hamusu
(Centre・East)
|
FN |
AH |
HP-P’eronit |
HP, ÇX |
absolut. |
haya |
aya |
||
postpos. |
haya ~ hamu |
amu |
||
ergative |
hayak ~ hamuk |
amuk |
||
dative |
hayaz ~ hayas ~ hamuz ~ hamus |
amuz ~ amus |
||
genitive |
hayaş(i) ~ hamuş(i) |
amuş(i) |
||
directive |
hayaşa ~ hamuşa |
hayaşe ~ hamuşe |
hayaşa ~ hamuşa |
amuşa |
ablative |
hayaşen ~ hamuşen |
amuşen |
||
locative |
hayaz ~ hayas ~ hamuz ~ hamus |
amuz ~ amus |
||
instrum. |
hayate ~ hamute |
amuten |
■ In all polysyllabic forms having the stem hamu- ~ amu-, accent is on the vowel -u (hamu, hamuk, hamuşa ..., amuk, amuz ...).
●●● The postpositional case form, hamu, is observed (in place of absolutive case forms, ham and haya) as direct object of transitive verbs in wide areas. The ergativity of the Laz language is manifestly very complex. Further researches are necessary on this subject. (→ 2.4.2., 2.5.2.2.)
______________________________________________________________________
2.5.2.2. him, heya ~ eya ~ iya (that)
Two long stems (with regional variants) coexist as follows.
Western dialects : him-
A part of central dialects : heya-
Other dialects : heya- ~ eya- ~ iya- in absolutive case,
hemu- ~ emu- in other cases
(West)
|
PZ-Apso |
PZ-Cigetore |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-Ortaalan |
absolutive |
him |
|||
postpositional |
himu |
fused oblique case himu ~ him |
||
ergative |
himuk (1) |
|||
dative |
himus (2) |
|||
genitive |
himuş(i) |
|||
directive |
ambidirective c. himuşe |
ambidirective case himuşa |
himuşa |
|
ablative |
himuşe |
|||
locative |
himus |
himu ~ him |
|
|
instrumental |
himute |
(1) Also himuko, himuku
(2) Also himuso, himusu
(Centre・East)
|
FN |
AH |
HP-P’eronit |
HP, ÇX |
absolut. |
heya |
eya ~ iya |
||
postpos. |
heya ~ hemu |
emu |
||
ergative |
heyak ~ hemuk |
emuk |
||
dative |
heyaz ~ heyas ~ hemuz ~ hemus |
emuz ~ emus |
||
genitive |
heyaş(i) ~ hemuş(i) |
emuş(i) |
||
directive |
heyaşa ~ hemuşa |
heyaşe ~ hemuşe |
heyaşa ~ hemuşa |
emuşa |
ablative |
heyaşen ~ hemuşen |
emuşen |
||
locative |
heyaz ~ heyas ~ hemuz ~ hemus |
emuz ~ emus |
||
instrum. |
heyate ~ hemute |
emuten |
■ In all polysyllabic forms having the stem himu- ~ hemu- ~ emu-, accent is on the vowel -u (himu, himuk, himuşa ..., hemuk, hemuz....).
●●● The postpositional case forms, himu ~ hemu, are observed (in place of absolutive case forms, him ~ hem and heya) as direct object of transitive verbs in wide areas. The ergativity of the Laz language is manifestly very complex. Further researches are necessary on this subject. (→ 2.4.2., 2.5.2.1.)
_____________________________________________________________________________
2.5.3. Demonstrative pronouns with long stem : plural
______________________________________________________________________
2.5.3.1. hani, hantere ~ hantepe ~ hamtep ~ hamtepe ~ amtepe ~ antepe ~ antere (these)
(West)
|
PZ-Apso |
PZ-Cigetore |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-Ortaalan |
absolutive |
hani |
absolutive fused oblique case hani |
||
postpositional |
||||
ergative |
hanik |
|||
dative |
hanis |
|||
genitive |
haniş(i) |
|||
directive |
ambidirective hanişe |
ambidirective hanişa |
hanişa |
|
ablative |
hanişe |
|||
locative |
hanis |
hani |
||
instrumental |
hanite |
(Centre・East)
|
FN |
AH (1) |
HP-P’eronit (2) |
HP |
ÇX |
absolutive |
hantere ~ hantepe |
antepe |
|||
postpos. |
|||||
ergative |
hanterek ~ hantepek (3) |
antepek |
|||
dative |
hanterez ~ hanteres ~ hantepez ~ hantepes |
antepez ~ antepes |
|||
genitive |
hantereş(i) ~ hantepeş(i) |
antepeş(i) |
antepeş(i) ~ antepeyi |
||
directive |
hantereşa ~ hantepeşa |
hantereşe ~ hantepeşe |
hantereşa ~ hantepeşa |
antepeşa |
|
ablative |
hantereşen ~ hantepeşen |
antepeşen |
|||
locative |
hanterez ~ hanteres ~ hantepez ~ hantepes |
antepez ~ antepes |
|||
instrum. |
hanterete ~ hantepete |
antepeten |
(1) In a part of Arhavi dialects : hamtep, hamtepek, hamtepes ......
(2) In a part of Hopa dialects : hamtepe, hamtepek, hamtepez ......
(3) In a part of Arhavi dialects, in ergative and following cases : hatepek, hatepes, hatepeşi ......
______________________________________________________________________
2.5.3.2. hini, hentere ~ hentepe ~ hemtep ~ hemtepe ~ emtepe ~ entepe ~ entere (those)
(West)
|
PZ-Apso |
PZ-Cigetore |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-Ortaalan |
absolutive |
hini |
absolutive fused oblique case hini |
||
postpositional |
||||
ergative |
hinik |
|||
dative |
hinis |
|||
genitive |
hiniş(i) |
|||
directive |
ambidirective hinişe |
ambidirective hinişa |
hinişa |
|
ablative |
hinişe |
|||
locative |
hinis |
hini |
||
instrumental |
hinite |
(Centre・East)
|
FN |
AH (1) |
HP-P’eronit (2) |
HP |
ÇX |
absolutive |
hentere ~ hentepe |
entepe |
|||
postpos. |
|||||
ergative |
henterek ~ hentepek (3) |
entepek |
|||
dative |
henterez ~ henteres ~ hentepez ~ hentepes |
entepez ~ entepes |
|||
genitive |
hentereş(i) ~ hentepeş(i) |
entepeş(i) |
entepeş(i) ~ entepeyi |
||
directive |
hentereşa ~ hentepeşa |
hentereşe ~ hentepeşe |
hentereşa ~ hentepeşa |
entepeşa |
|
ablative |
hentereşen ~ hentepeşen |
entepeşen |
|||
locative |
henterez ~ henteres ~ hentepez ~ hentepes |
entepez ~ entepes |
|||
instrum. |
henterete ~ hentepete |
entepeten |
(1) In a part of Arhavi dialects : hemtep, hemtepek, hemtepes ......
(2) In a part of Hopa dialects : hemtepe, hemtepek, hemtepez ......
(3) In a part of Arhavi dialects, in ergative and following cases : hetepek, hetepes, hetepeşi ......
______________________________________________________________________
2.5.4. Plural locational pronouns with long stem
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(PZ)
hanepe this place and its vicinity
hanepes [locative] here and in the vicinity
hinepe that place and its vicinity
hinepes [locative] there and in the vicinity
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(AŞ)
haminepe this place and its vicinity; here and in the vicinity (1)
himinepe that place and its vicinity; there and in the vicinity (1)
(1) In the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen, fused oblique case = postpositional-ergative-dative-locative case (→ 1.1.2.1.).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(Centre, East)
hameepe this place and its vicinity
hameepez [locative] here and in the vicinity
hemeepe that place and its vicinity
hemeepez [locative] there and in the vicinity
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
● The Laz language has a great number of adverbs (→ 4.4.) and preverbs (→ 11.7., 19.) that explain precisely location and direction.
______________________________________________________________________
2.6. Personal pronouns
2.6.1. First person
2.6.2. Second person
● The laz language has personal pronouns only for first and second persons.
As we mentioned in 2.5. (Demonstrative pronouns), it has no personal pronoun for third person (he, she, it, they). Demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these, those) take their place.
● Common morphological particularity of personal pronouns : absolutive, ergative and dative cases have the same form.
● Personal pronouns have no instrumental case. ______________________________________________________________________
2.6.1. First person
______________________________________________________________________
2.6.1.1. Singular (I, me)
(PZ) = Pazar, (ÇM) = Çamlıhemşin, (AŞ) = Ardeşen, (FN) = Fındıklı, (AH) = Arhavi, (HP) = Hopa, (ÇX) = Çxala
|
PZ |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-east |
FN |
AH |
HP, ÇX |
abs. |
ma (1) |
ma/ man (2) |
||||
pos. |
şk’imi |
çkimi |
||||
erg. |
ma (1) |
ma/ man (2) |
||||
dat. |
||||||
gen. |
şk’imi (3) |
çkimi (3) |
||||
dir. |
ambidir. şk’iminde/ şk’imde/ şk’imda |
ambidir. şk’imda |
şk’imda |
çkimda |
çkimde |
çkimda |
abl. |
şk’imde |
çkimden |
||||
loc. |
ø |
ma (4) |
ø |
|||
ins. |
ø |
(1) Same form for absolutive, ergative and dative cases.
Man , in the expression “man do si” (I and you).
(2) Same form for absolutive, ergative and dative cases.
Man, in expressions like “man do si” (I and you), “man-ti”(I also) etc.
(3) Sometimes şk’im ~ çkim before vowel.
(4) In the dialect of FN-Ç’anapet, there is a verb that gouverns personal pronoun in the locative case. (No personal pronoun in the locative case is observed in other dialects.)
Mteliz ma dulya dulamz. Everyone’s work falls on me.
● Personal pronouns in genitive case have three kinds of use.
(a) Before determinate noun (emphatic expression):
şk’imi nana ~ çkimi nana my mother
şk’im(i) oxor(i) ~ çkim(i) oxor(i) my house
(b) Suffixed to the determinate noun (normal expression):
nana-şk’imi ~ nana-çkimi my mother
oxori-şk’imi ~ oxori-çkimi my house
(c) As predicative (without noun):
Ham şk’im(i) on. ~ Haya çkimi ren. This is mine.
● When personal pronouns are suffixed to the determinate noun, case markers are attached to the pronoun.
(ergative) şk’imi nanak ~ çkimi nanak my mother
nana-şk’imik ~ nana-çkimik my mother
(locative) şk’imi oxoris ~ çkimi oxoriz in my house
oxori-şk’imis ~ oxori-çkimiz in my house
______________________________________________________________________
2.6.1.2. Plural (we, us)
|
PZ |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-east |
FN |
AH |
HP, ÇX |
abs. |
şk’u |
çku/ çkun |
çkin |
|||
pos. |
şk’uni |
çkuni |
çkini |
|||
erg. |
şk’u |
çku/ çkun |
çkin |
|||
dat. |
||||||
gen. |
şk’uni (1) |
çkuni (1) |
çkini (1) |
|||
dir. |
ambidir. şk’uninde/ şk’unde/ şk’unda |
ambidir. şk’unda |
şk’unda |
çkunda |
çkunde |
çkinda |
abl. |
şk’unde |
çkunden |
çkinden |
|||
loc. |
ø |
çku (2) |
ø |
|||
ins. |
ø |
(1) Sometimes şk’un ~ çkun ~ çkin before vowel.
(2) In the dialect of FN-Ç’anapet, there is a verb that gouverns personal pronoun in the locative case. (No personal pronoun in the locative case is observed in other dialects.)
Mteliz çku dulya dulamz. Everyone’s work falls on us.
● Note: there is a word that derived from the genitive case of this pronoun : şk’unepe ~ çkunepe ~ çkinepe (ours).
______________________________________________________________________
2.6.2. Second person
______________________________________________________________________
2.6.2.1. Singular (you)
|
PZ |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-east |
FN |
AH |
HP, ÇX |
abs. |
si (1) |
si/ sin (1) |
||||
pos. |
sk’ani |
skani |
||||
erg. |
si (1) |
si/ sin (2) |
||||
dat. |
||||||
gen. |
sk’ani (3) |
skani (3) |
||||
dir. |
ambidir. sk’aninde/ sk’ande/ sk’anda |
ambidir. sk’anda |
sk’anda |
skanda |
skande |
skanda |
abl. |
sk’ande |
skanden |
||||
loc. |
ø |
si (4) |
ø |
|||
ins. |
ø |
(1) sin, in the expression “sin do ma” (you and I).
(2) sin, in expressions like “sin do ma” (you and I), “sin-ti”(you also) etc.
(3) Sometimes sk’an ~ skan before vowel.
(4) In the dialect of FN-Ç’anapet, there is a verb that gouverns personal pronoun in the locative case. (No personal pronoun in the locative case is observed in other dialects.)
Mteliz si dulya dulamz. Everyone’s work falls on you [sg.].
● Use of genitive case :
(ergative) sk’ani nanak ~ skani nanak your mother
nana-sk’anik ~ nana-skanik your mother
(locative) sk’ani oxoris ~ skani oxoriz in your house
oxori-sk’anis ~ oxori-skaniz in your house
______________________________________________________________________
2.6.2.2. Plural (you)
|
PZ |
ÇM, AŞ |
AŞ-east |
FN |
AH |
HP, ÇX |
abs. |
t’k’va |
tkva/ tkvan |
tkvan |
|||
pos. |
t’k’vani |
tkvani |
||||
erg. |
t’k’va |
tkva/ tkvan |
tkvan |
|||
dat. |
||||||
gen. |
t’k’vani (1) |
tkvani (1) |
||||
dir. |
ambidir. t’k’vaninde/ t’k’vande/ t’k’vanda |
ambidir. t’k’vanda |
t’k’vanda |
tkvanda |
tkvande |
tkvanda |
abl. |
t’k’vande |
tkvanden |
||||
loc. |
ø |
tkva (2) |
ø |
|||
ins. |
ø |
(1) Sometimes t’k’van ~ tkvan before vowel.
(2) In the dialect of FN-Ç’anapet, there is a verb that gouverns personal pronoun in the locative case. (No personal pronoun in the locative case is observed in other dialects.)
Mteliz tkva dulya dulamz. Everyone’s work falls on you [pl.].