7. Coordinative conjunctions
7.1. do and ; but ; ...-ing
7.2. -ti also, too
7.3. şa[2] (FN) and, then
7.4. vana otherwise, or
◘◘◘ Conjunctional phrases (or conjunctional compound words) (*) are not treated in this chapter. See Postpositions (→ 5.2.).
(*) Ex. : hamu şeni ~ hamuşeni = in consequence, therefore
______________________________________________________________________
7.1. do and ; but ; ...-ing
7.1.1. Between nouns (or pronouns)
7.1.2. Between adjectives
7.1.2.1. Between numerals
7.1.2.2. Between adjectives other than numerals
7.1.3. Between other words
7.1.4. Between sentences
7.1.5. Sentence + do var (AŞ)
■ The conuonction do is inaccented, non-enclitic and non-proclitic.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7.1.1. Between nouns (or pronouns)
nana do baba mother and father (= parents)
m3xuli do urz*eni (West・Centre) pear and grape
~ m3xuli do x’urz*eni (East)
Aşela do Ç’emu Aşela (1) and Ç’emu (2)
sin do ma (*) you and I, you and me
man do si (*) I and you, me and you
(1) female first name
(2) male first name
(*) Personal pronouns ma and si take, before do, respectively the forms man and sin.
● Whatever is the number of nouns to be joined, the conjunction do appears only once before the last word.
nana, baba, da do cuma mother, father, sister and brother
Emine, Bexa, Xusa do ma Emine (1), Bexa (1), Xusa (2) and I
(1) female first name
(2) male fisrt name
● Case markers appear once at the end of the last noun. The other nouns which are joined by the conjunction remain without any marker.
nana do babak mother and father (= parents)
nana do babaşi of mother and father (= of the parents)
bergi do xamiten with a hoe and a knife
● If a pronoun in genitive case concerns all the words joined by the conjunction do, it appears once, before the first word or after the last word.
şk’imi nana do baba (West) my parents
~ çkimi nana do baba (Centre・East)
nana do baba-şk’imi (West) my parents
~ nana do baba-çkimi (Centre・East)
● Case markers appear, in this case also, once at the end of the last word.
sk’ani nana do babak (West) your parents
~ skani nana do babak (Centre・East)
nana do baba-sk’anişi (West) of your parents
~ nana do baba-skanişi (Centre・East)
bergi do xami-muşiten with one’s own hoe and knife
■ All case markers, which are suffixed to postposed genitive pronoun, are inaccented and non-enclitic : they do not change the place of accent in the preceding word (or, to be exact, in the preceding accent unity).
____________________________________________________________________________
7.1.2. Between adjectives
______________________________________________________________________
7.1.2.1. Between numerals
The conjunction do, which joins numerals of number n, appears n - 1 times.
sum şilya do jur oşi do eçi do vit 3 x 1000 + 2 x 100 + 20 + 10
= 3,230
eçi do otxo şilya do xut oşi do otxoneçi do ar (20+4) x 1000 + 5 x 100 + 4x20 + 1
= 24,581
● The combination {vit + do} is pronounced {vit’o} which becomes in some dialects {vit’v-} before vowel.
*vit do ar → vit’oar ~ vit’var 10 + 1 = 11
*vit do jur → vit’ojur 10 + 2 = 12
eçi do *vit do xut → eçi do vit’oxut 20 + 10 + 5 = 35
______________________________________________________________________
7.1.2.2. Between non-numeral adjectives
When non-numeral adjectives are juxtaposed, the conjunction do is not used always. Further researches are necessary on this subject.
oroponi do msk’va bozomota ~ oroponi do mskva bozo lovely pretty girl
~ oroponi msk’va bozomota ~ oroponi mskva bozo
oroponi : lovely, charming, dear
msk’va ~ mskva : beautiful, pretty
bozomota ~ bozo : girl; daughter
● In the example shown below, the compound conjunction ardo joins several adjectives.
Himuşi bozomotalepe çibari, oroponi, çalişkani, ardo msk’va onan. (AŞ)
[His (or her) daughters are refined, charming hard workers and, moreover, they are pretty.]
himuşi : him (that): genitive
çibari : refined, well-bred (< Turkish kibar < Arabic)
çalişkani : hard worker (< Turkish çalışkan)
ardo : ar (one) + do
onan : copula on: imperfective present tense 3. pers. pl.
● In the example shown below, the conjunction do joins two adjectival phrases: {adverb + adjective} and {(adjective + noun) + derivational suffix forming adjectives}.
dido nosoni do k’ai toloni cuma-çkimi (AH)
[my perspicacious and very intelligent brother]
dido : very
nosoni : nosi (intelligence) + derivational suffix {-oni}
k’ai : good
toloni : toli (eye) + derivational suffix {-oni} ; k’ai toloni perspicacious
cuma : brother
çkimi : ma (I); genitive
_____________________________________________________________________________
7.1.3. Between other words
The conjunction do joins adverbs of same category.
ğoma do andğa ~ ğoma do hamdğa yesterday and today
melenk’ale do molenk’ale (West) on that side and this side (of the river)
● It is not used between adverbes of different categories.
Ma ğoma melenk’ale xvala bidi. (AŞ)
[I went yesterday alone to the other side of the river.]
ğoma : adverb of time ; yesterday
melenk’ale : adverb of place and orientation ; on the other side (of the river)
xvala : adverb of manner ; alone
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7.1.4. Between sentences
The use of the conjunction do joining sentences is very frequent. It can express, according to the context, succession of actions, simultaneity, cause, means, opposition etc.
[an epistolary text]
Ma Lazona’şen, Vi3’e’şen meginç’aram do X. X. bore.
Hakolen na-igzali nak’o ndğa do nak’o tuta divu do ar ambai var momçi.
...........................................................
Ma-ti mominç’ari do haşo bisinapat.
Ğormotik, megişvelaz do gunz*e3’anas skidi. (FN)
[I am writing to you from Lazona, from Vi3’e. And I am X.X.]
[How many days and how many months have passed since you leaved here. But you did not give me any news (= I have heard nothing from you).]
[..........................................................]
[Write to me also. And let us communicate in this way.]
[May Ğormoti (*) bless you. And live long.]
ma : I
Lazona (***) : Laz(i) + derivational suffix -ona (“place where are a great number of”)
: The region inhabited by Laz; Laz linguistic area
Vi3’e : Laz name of Fındıklı
meginç’aram(1): nunç’arams (write to someone): I am writing to you
bore : copula oren: imperfective present tense 1. pers. sg.
hakolen : from here
na- : profix (→17.)
igzali : igzals (go, depart): simple perfective 2. pers. sg.
nak’o : how many, how much
ndğa : day
tuta : moon ; month
divu : iven (happen, pass): affirmation profix d- + simple perfective 3. pers. sg.
ar : one
ambai : news
var momçi (1) : meçams (give): you did not give me
ma-ti : to me also (→ 7.2. -ti): dative
mominç’ari (1) : nunç’arams (write to a person): write to me
haşo : in this way
bisinapat : isinapams (speak, talk): perfective optative 1. pers. sg.
ğormotik : ğormoti (*): ergative
megişvelaz (1) : nuşvelams (help, save, bless): I wish he helps you
gunz*e : long
3’anas :3’ana (year): locative
skidi : skidums (live): imperative sg.
(1) Bipersonal form. See chapters of verbes (→ 11. ~).
(*) ğormot’i ~ ğormoti : Judging from its actual use in exclamative expressions (→ 9.2.), ğormot’i or ğormoti ought to have been object of old belief of Laz people (**). The word is used here, intentionally, in the unusual meaning of “God of monotheistic religions”.
(**) According to oral tradition, the Laz, formerly Christians, should have been converted to Islam in the 17th century. What was their belief before conversion to the Christianism ? No answer is possible to this question, because the Laz “appeared” very recently in the written History.
(***) The author of this study was often blamed vehemently by some Turkish militaries and civils for “exalting the separatism” after he had prononced the word Lazona in their presence. The phobia of separatism is omnipresent in Turkey.
______________________________________________________________________
7.1.5. Sentence + do var (AŞ)
The phrase {(sentence +) do var}(as soon as) is observed in the dialects of Ardeşen (→ 6.2.9., 6.3.3.).
The last element of the phrase, var, is the interjection of negation (→ 9.1.). As an interjection forms a sentence by itself, we can consider that the use of conjunction do in this phrase is the same as in the preceding subject (do between sentences).
Oroperi-şk’imi moxt’u do var, kogomak’k’oru. (AŞ)
[As soon as my love(r) came, (s)he hugged me.] (1)
oroperi : lover, love < oropa (love)
şk’imi : my
moxt’u : mulun (come): simple perfective 3. pers. sg.
var : interjection of negation (2)
ko- : affirmation profix (→ 11.8.2.)
gomak’k’oru(3) : gvak’k’orams (embrace, hug): he (she, it) hugged me (1)
(1) There is no gender in Laz.
(2) Homophonous with the negation marker var (→ 11.8.1.).
(3) Bipersonal form. See chapters of verbs (→ 11. ~).
_____________________________________________________________________
7.2. {-ti} also, too
The conjunction-suffix {-ti} is attached to nouns, pronouns, adverbs, adverbial phrases etc.
■ It is inaccented and non-enclitic.
● The derivational suffix {-ti}, which forms indefinite pronouns and adverbs, and the morpheme{-ti}, which is an element of vati - one of negation markers observed in some dialects - may be of same origin as this conjunction. See the chapters of pronouns (→ 2.), adverbs (→ 4.) and concessive clauses (→ 16.). See also the subject of negation markers (→ 11.8.1.).
●●● “Altered document”, p.84:
《(This conjunction) is affixed to nouns and pronouns.》
Readers may understand that《it is not affixed to other things than nouns and pronouns.》
The conjunction {-ti} is attached to many other kinds of words than nouns and pronouns.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7.2.1. Morphology of nouns and pronouns before {-ti}
_____________________________________________________________________________
7.2.1.1. Nouns
When the conjunction {-ti} is suffixed, nouns and pronouns take the form of postpositional case. The same principle rules when other suffixes are attached to them (→ 1.1.1.).
m3xul ~ m3xuli + -ti = m3xuli-ti pear also
oxor ~ oxori + -ti = oxori-ti house also
topr ~ topri (West) + -ti = topri-ti honey also
topur ~ topu(r)i (Centre・East) + -ti = topu(r)i-ti honey also
oncğor ~ oncğore + -ti = oncğore-ti shame also
■ Accentuation is as follows: m3xuli-ti, oxori-ti, topri-ti, topuri-ti, oncğore-ti. As the conjunction {-ti} is not enclitic, accent is on the same syllable if they are without suffix.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7.2.1.2. Pronouns
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.1.2.1. Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns 1st and 2nd pers. sg. take, in certain dialects, the forms man- and sin- before {-ti}.
ma + -ti = ma-ti ~ man-ti I also, me too
si + -ti = si-ti ~ sin-ti you also, you too
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.1.2.2. Demonstrative pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns of western dialects take the form of postpositional case before {-ti}.
ham + -ti = hamu-ti (West) this one (he, she, it) also
him + -ti = himu-ti (West) that one (he, she, it) also
_____________________________________________________________________________
7.2.1.3. Place of ergative and dative (+ locative) case markers
Ergative and dative (+ locative) case amrkers take place before or after the conjunction {-ti} according to the dialects (*).
(*) All other case markers take place before the conjunction {-ti} in all dialects.
hamute-ti ~ hayate-ti ~ amuten-ti with this one (him, her, it) also
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.1.3.1. Dialects of Pazar
In the dialects of Pazar, ergative and dative case markers are suffixed to the conjunction {-ti}. This phenomenon is never observed elsewhere.
Aşela-tik Aşela also
Xusa-tik Xusa also
Aşela-tis to Aşela also (*)
Xusa-tis to Xusa also (*)
himu-tik that one (he, she, it) also
hamu-tik this one (he, she, it) also
himu-tis to that one (him, her, it) also (*)
hamu-tis to this one (him, her, it) also (*)
(*) The dative case has multiple functions in Laz. Other translations are necessary according to the structure of sentence.
● The Laz speaking people of Pazar attach often the two parts of these words without hyphen: ex. himutik, hamutis.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.1.3.2. Dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen
● Ergative and dative case markers are lost in the dialects of Çamlıhemşin and Ardeşen (→ Fusioned oblique case 1.1.2.).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.2.1.3.3. Central and eastern dialects
In central and eastern dialects, case markers are never suffixed to this conjunction.
Aşelak-ti Aşela also
Xusak-ti Xusa also
Aşelas-ti to Aşela also (*)
Xusas-ti to Xusa also (*)
hek-ti that one (he, she, it) also
~ hemuk-ti
~ heyak-ti
hemus-ti to that one also (him, her, it) (*)
~ heyas-ti
(*) The dative case has multiple functions in Laz. Other translations are necesary according to the structure of sentence.
● Many Laz speaking central or eastern dialects write this conjunction separately from the preceding word : ex. hemuk ti, heyak ti.
The Laz of Turquie do not use hyphen spontaneously when they write their mother tongue. They are in the habit of writing Laz language according to the Turkish orthography where the use of hyphen is unusual.
In this study, the conjunction {-ti} is systematically written with hyphen for two reasons:
[1] It is preferable to propose an orthography common to all Laz dialects.
[2] The use of hyphen permits to avoid all risk of confusion with the noun ti (head).
______________________________________________________________________
7.2.2. Postposed genitive pronouns + {-ti}
When a genitive pronoun is postposed to a noun, the conjunction-suffix{-ti} follows the pronoun.
The place of ergative and dative case markers is not same in all dialects : in Pazar, case markers are postposed to the conjunction {-ti}.
(PZ)
nana-şk’imi-ti my mother also
nana-şk’imi-tik my mother also
nana-şk’imi-tis to my mother also (*)
nana do baba-sk’ani-ti your parent also
nana do baba-sk’ani-tik your parents also
nana do baba-sk’ani-tis to your parents also (*)
(ÇM)(AŞ)
nana-şk’imi-ti my mother also, to my mother also
nana do baba-sk’ani-ti my parents also, to my parents also
(Centre・East)
nana-çkimi-ti my mother also
nana-çkimik-ti my mother also
nana-çkimis-ti to my mother also (*)
nana do baba-skani-ti your parents also
nana do baba-skanik-ti your parents also
nana do baba-skanis-ti to your parents also (*)
(*) The dative case has multiple functions in Laz. Other translatons are necessary according to the structure of sentence.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7.2.3. Adverbs and adverbial phrases + {-ti}
(A) Ok’açxe-ti oput’enepek gyarepe ipxort’ez.
Jin-ti lo3ape yopxort’ez. (AH)
[A little while later also, villagers were in the habit of taking meal.]
[Besides, they were in the habit of taking sweets.]
ok’açxe : a little while later
oput’enepek : oput’eni (villagers) : plural ergative
gyarepe : gya(r)i (bread; meal) : plural absolutive
ipxort’ez : ipxors (eat)(1) : imperfective past tense 3. pers. pl.
jin : vertically above, besides
lo3ape : lo3a (tasty, delicious)(2) : nominal use, plural absolutive
yopxort’ez : yopxors (eat a following thing)(3) : imperfective past tense 3. pers. pl.
(1) Regional variants : imxors ~ impxors ~ ipxors ; ç’k’omups (ÇX)
(2) The word has the reverse meaning in Pazar. And another meaning in Ardeşen.
lo3a (insipid, not good)(PZ)
lo3a (more than ripe, past best prime)(AŞ)
(3) Regional variants: eyoşk’omams (West) ~ eyoç’k’omams (FN) ~ yoç’k’omams (FN) ~ yopxors (AH) ~ gyopxors (AH) ~ gyomxors (HP) ~ gyoç’k’omaps (ÇX)
(eat a following thing, take the dessert)
(B) Adverbial phrase + {-ti}
sk’ani şeni-ti ~ skani şeni-ti for you also
juri şeni-ti (*) for the two (separately)
(*) juri-ti şeni : for both (together)
______________________________________________________________________
7.3. şa[2] (FN) and , then
The coordinative conjunction şa[2], observed in the dialects of Fındıklı, has the function of joining two sentences that can be quotations. Examples are shown in the chapter of Quotation particles (→ 8.1.1.1.B and C, 8.1.1.3.B).
● See homophonous adverb of manner (→ şa[1] 4.5.3.).
________________________________________________________________________
7.4. vana otherwise, or
The conjunction vana may be the contraction of the negation marker var ~ va (→ 11.8.1.) or, more probably, of the interjection of negation var (→ 9.1.) with the postposed subordinative conjunction -na (→ 6.2.4., 16).
(A) Hişo vana haşo p’are. (West) I shall do in that way or in this way.
hişo : adverb of manner (in that way)
haşo : adverb of manner (in this way)
p’are : ikums (do) : future tense 1. pers. sg.
(B) Nana-skani moxtu-i, vana baba-skani ? (Centre)
[Is it your mother or your father who has come ?]
nana : mother, mammy
skani : your
moxtu : mulun (come): simple perfective 3. pers. sg.
-i : interrogation marker (→ 11.9.)
baba : father, daddy
(C) K’ap’ulaz mogik’idap. I carry you on my back
Monk’a t’a, vana çorçi (HP)(1) Whether you are heavy or light
k’ap’ulaz : k’ap’ula (back) : locative ; on the back
mogik’idap (*) : moyk’idaps (carry on one’s back) : I carry you on my back
monk’a : lourd
t’a : copula yen : imperfective optative 2. pers. sg.
çorçi : light
(1) Verses from the Laz song “Koçari”.
koçari : onomatopoeic refrain
(*) Bipersonal form. See the chapters of verbs (→ 11. ~). The synonym of this verb in western dialects is mogibam.